PERKEMBANGAN ETIKA DAN MORAL DALAM ILMU PERTAHANAN TERKAIT BIOTERRORISME: TINJAUAN HISTORIS DAN PERSPEKTIF MASA DEPAN

Abstract

The growing complexity of bioterrorism threats demands a renewed ethical paradigm within defense science, particularly in addressing the dual-use dilemma of biological technologies. This study aims to examine the development of ethical and moral considerations in biodefense policy through a multidisciplinary literature synthesis encompassing bioethics, international law, security policy, and defense studies. The method employed is a theoretical and policy review with historical analysis of international norms, biological incidents, and governance practices. The findings reveal a paradigm shift from reactive and normative approaches toward proactive governance emphasizing transparency, accountability, and ethical education. Key recommendations include the establishment of emergency ethics committees, independent audit mechanisms, national dual-use regulations, and bio-diplomacy to strengthen international solidarity. Policy implications are directed toward enhancing ethical and operational preparedness, especially for middle-capacity countries such as Indonesia, to respond adaptively and equitably to biological threats. This study is expected to serve as a normative and operational foundation for developing defense policies that are responsive to the evolving dynamics of contemporary biotechnology threats.